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请名师详解新托福阅读考试十种题型
感谢您关注智课网(SmartStudy)：同学您好：根据美国ETS发行的新托福考试官方指南，在新托福阅读考试中共有十种题型；阅读具体题型简介TOEFL READING QUESTION TYPESBasic Information and Inference questions (12 to 14 questions per set )1. Factual Information questions (3 to 6 questions per set )细节题2. Negative Factual Information questions (0 to 2 questions per set )排除题3. Inference questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set )推断题4. Rhetorical Purpose questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set )修辞目的题5. Vocabulary questions ( 3 to 5 questions per set ) 词汇题6. Reference questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set )指代题7. Sentence Simplification questions ( 0 to 1 questions per set )简化句子题8. Insert Text questions ( 0 to 1 questions per set )插入句子题Reading to Learn questions (1 question per set )9. Prose Summary 文章内容小结题10. Fill in a Table 完成图表题其中，前八种为微观题，解题不需要联系文章主旨。后两种为宏观题，解题需要联系文章主旨，解题难度高于微观题。新托福考试的十种题型有六种是沿用旧托福考试中已经出现的题型（细节题、排除题、推断题、修辞目的题、词汇题、指代题），因此这六种题型我们最好使用旧托福的复习资料。因为新托福考试备考过程中的一个问题就是真题资料的匮乏，我们需要尽可能利用来自ETS的真题资料。而四种新题型，句子简化题、插入句子题、文章内容小结题和图表题，代表了托福考试的新动向，是需要引起广大考生的重视的。下面就来对这十种题型一一进行介绍和评价。1、Factual Information questions (3 to 6 questions per set )细节题这是托福阅读考试中可能占到最大比重的一种题型，托福阅读考试一般是每篇文章12-14道题，尤其最近几乎都是14道题，如果一篇文章中出现了6道细节题，这个比例还是非常引人注目的。而且细节题可以说是能屈能伸的一种题型，就是说，它要容易，可以很容易，它要想难，可以非常难。所以我们的同学复习到后期，进行错题统计的时候会发现，错的最多的，竟然还是这个细节题，所以它是非常令人纠结的一种题型。细节题和词汇题加起来可以构成整个托福阅读考试题目的半壁江山，是我们取得托福阅读高分的基础，因此，我们不得不想办法攻克这种题型。细节题从考查能力的角度上来说，主要考查的是提取关键词和在文章中定位有用解题信息的能力。细节题的问题一般就是纯粹的事实层面上的问题，主要问作者说了什么？哪些信息是真的？解题的时候，80%左右的细节题都只需要阅读文章中一两个关键的句子就足够解题了。这就意味着考生要根据题干中提供的关键词，回到原文中精准地找到解题的关键句子，读懂了之后，就能快速的把细节题解对而无需阅读全文或者全段。这种能力对同学们今后在美国大学中求学生涯来说是至关重要的。因为美国大学要求的阅读量远比中国大学要求的阅读量要大。那么在浩瀚如烟的文章中怎样快速找到有用的信息，就决定了你的阅读的速度和阅读的质量。因此ETS将这种题放在第一的位置上来介绍，也是费了一番心思的。2、Negative Factual Information questions (0 to 2 questions per set )排除题排除题很好辨认，一般就是在题干中会出现一个大写的单词EXCEPT、NOT、LESS。这是特别不受我们中国同学待见的一种题，因为从逻辑思维的角度上来说，要想从四个选项中把错误的那一个给找出来，我们要在大脑中对于四个选项的内容和原文进行四次匹配，才能完成一道这样的题目。所以这种题目解题的时候，阅读量较细节题要大，思维活动的次数也比细节题要多，简言之，这种题就是来拖延时间，放慢你的解题速度的。因此同学们会发现，这种题目出现的频率不能高，现在ETS为了提高托福阅读的考试难度，所采用的一种方法就是在文章中增加排除题的出现频率。3、Inference questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set )推断题推断题最关键的本质就是作者强烈暗示，但是绝不明说。按理说美国人应该比较喜欢直来直去，但是人家也会偶尔在考试的时候用用犹抱琵琶半遮面，出个推断题来考考你。在推断题中最常考的就是否定关系和比较关系的推断。比如说“不像海獭，想象一下早期的鲸鱼长什么样子很不容易”，就是告诉你，想象一下早期的海獭长什么样子其实比较容易。或者说“在1815年后，工匠们制作工艺品追求速度胜过看重质量”，关键就是要暗示你在1815年前，工匠们更加看重工艺品的质量。因此推断题的解题难度要略高于细节题，因为考生不仅要理解原文的意思，还要据此来做一步逻辑上的推断，这就从纯粹考查客观的题目上升到了考查作者主观方面的高度，从哲学上来讲，可是好大的一步呢！但是关键是这一步推断又不能走得太远，一步足矣，推两步就错了，因此推断的度很不好把握。我们中国的同学，逻辑思维能力好的人，往往思维跳得太快，自己推理推了不止一步，选错了会觉得很委屈。这也是我们同学不太喜欢的一种题型。4、Rhetorical Purpose questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set )修辞目的题修辞目的题和推断题都是上升到主观层面上对作者意图进行考查的题目，但是美国人所说的修辞，跟我们中学语文课上说的修辞手法是不太一样的，范围要大了很多，举例解释说明都属于修辞手法。这种题要求考生去领会作者的写作精神，描述一下作者是怎样把段落内部或者段落之间构筑起来。因此对于我们的考生来说，做这样的题，关键是要把自己的角色及时切换到作者的立场上去，问题就比较容易迎刃而解了。5、Vocabulary questions ( 3 to 5 questions per set ) 词汇题词汇题也是最典型的解题难度小，量又大的题目了。这种题在整个托福考试中有一个至关重要的角色，就是为你节省时间的。因为托福考试每篇文章是14道题，700个单词左右的文章，时间却只有20分钟，所以每道题分配的时间其实不能超过1分钟。可是有些题型本身难度比较高，解题时间必然要超过1分钟。所以如果想在20分钟的时限内完成阅读文章的考试，我们必须寻找一些简单的题目，从它们身上把时间省下来，用在比较难的题目上去。因此我们反复强调考生要好好背单词，单词基础好的人不仅仅阅读省力，做词汇题的时候速度也快的惊人，基本上可以控制在10秒之内。如果用猜词的方法，也许也能做对，但是猜词必然要花时间，那么词汇题的时间优势就被消解了，后面的题往往就要被放弃。这个选择其实是很痛苦的。6、Reference questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set )指代题指代题是比较“鸡肋”的一种题，由于它难度不高，现在在托福考试中出现的概率已经低了很多。尤其第三版的官方指南中新增加的三篇文章，竟然一道指代题都没有，这也许说明了ETS的一种态度和出题的动向。但是指代题的原理，我们的同学必须要掌握。因为虽然也许你碰到指代题的概率低了很多，但是ETS在插入句子题、简化句子题或者推断题等题目，用代词来做主语，你不得不去确定这个代词主语到底指代的是前文中的什么才能继续解题。所以我们说这是一种很鸡肋的题型，同学们可以复习一下定语从句以及代词等方面的相关语法，分析一些例题，应该可以很好地应付这种题型。7、Sentence Simplification questions ( 0 to 1 questions per set )简化句子题句子简化题是整个新托福考试中最有价值的一种题型，新托福阅读考试是以句子为考查中心，而句子简化题就最好地表现了这种考查中心。句子简化题考查的其实是我们的精读能力，和官方指南中的例题不同，在新托福阅读考试中出现的句子简化题，被简化的句子现在都往往是本身非常长的句子，确实很需要简化，同时句子的结构很复杂，几乎每一个句子简化题被标阴影的句子都是一个长难句。我们的考生有可能把句子读了两三遍还没有找到这个句子的主干，主谓宾结构或者主谓表结构都分不清，更不要说整个句子全部信息的主次关系了。这种题型的根本就是同义改写，但是这种改写是有要求的，一方面我们要改写句子，尽可能的保留句子的原意，另一方面我们还要简化这个句子，因此如果从出题人的角度来考虑，我们必须要做的一件事，就是在长句子中分清主次，把主要信息保留下来，把次要信息丢掉，然后改写句子，才能完成这样一道题。因此考生也很有必要在平时备考复习过程中对托福阅读中出现的长难句展开分析。锻炼提高我们的精读能力，找到句子的核心意思，才能高效准确地解对这种题。8、Insert Text questions ( 0 to 1 questions per set )插入句子题插入句子题对我们中国学生来说是比较没有技术含量的一种题。主要考查的就是句子之间的逻辑关系，有时候碰到跨段落的插入句子题就需要再多考虑一些段落和段落之间的逻辑关系。其实只要考生的精读能力够了，能够读懂需要插入的句子和原文的段落，这种题一般来说不会做错。9、Prose Summary 文章内容小结题10、 Fill in a Table 完成图表题之所以将这两种题型放在一起来讲，就是因为这两种题从解题技巧上来说是非常接近的。它们都是宏观题，就是那种解题时候要联系全文主旨的题型。它们在考试中固定的出现在最后一道题的位置，并且是互斥的关系。只不过图表题比文章内容小结题多了分类的内容，因此如果文章结构中没有出现对比和分类的话，基本上就不会碰到图表题。这就决定了我们在真正的考试中遇到文章内容小结题的概率会远远大于遇到图表题的概率。这两种题从解题难度和分值两方面比较来说，都属于性价比比较高的题。但是总有同学反应说这两种题做不对，一般来说主要有两种原因，第一是因为读文章的方法不正确，没有能够读出来文章的主干结构，第二个原因很简单，是你没有时间了，因为阅读速度不高的同学，做到最后1分钟才来到这道大题，一看到六个以上的选项和几十秒的时间，立刻心理上就慌乱了，还没有看完题，文章就被强行切换了。文章内容小结题其实就是一个“大”细节题，就是我们在选择正确的选项，不仅要保证这个细节的内容是对的，还要保证这个细节是文章中重要的事实信息。所以得是重大的细节才能入选。其他解题中提取关键词定位等技巧其实和细节题的技巧是一致的。所以讲到最后，大家发现又回到了细节题，因此我们说，细节题真的不愧是整个托福阅读考试中的基础同时建议您可以学习智课网托福强化提分班的课程，在6月26日之前购买可享一折优惠http://www.smartstudy.com/expertclass-toefl
托福阅读TPO33(试题+答案+翻译)第3篇:灭绝事件
为了帮助大家备考托福阅读，提高阅读成绩，下面我给大家带来托福阅读TPO33(试题+答案+翻译)第3篇:灭绝事件，希望大家喜欢！
托福阅读TPO33阅读原文
Extinction Episodes of the Past
【1】It was not until the Cambrian period, beginning about 600 million years ago, that a great proliferation of macroscopic species occurred on Earth and produced a fossil record that allows us to track the rise and fall of biodiversity. Since the Cambrian period, biodiversity has generally risen, but there have been some notable exceptions. Biodiversity collapsed dramatically during at least five periods because of mass extinctions around the globe. The five major mass extinctions receive most of the attention, but they are only one end of a spectrum of extinction events. Collectively, more species went extinct during smaller events that were less dramatic but more frequent. The best known of the five major extinction events, the one that saw the demise of the dinosaurs, is the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction.
【2】Starting about 280 million years ago, reptiles were the dominant large animals in terrestrial environments. In popular language this was the era “when dinosaurs ruled Earth,” when a wide variety of reptile species occupying many ecological niches. However, no group or species can maintain its dominance indefinitely, and when, after over 200 million years, the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end about 65 million years ago, mammals began to flourish, evolving from relatively few types of small terrestrial animals into the myriad of diverse species, including bats and whales, that we know today. Paleontologists label this point in Earth’s history as the end of the Cretaceous period and the beginning of the Tertiary period, often abbreviated as the K-T boundary. This time was also marked by changes in many other types of organisms. Overall, about 38 percent of the families of marine animals were lost, with percentages much higher in some groups Ammonoid mollusks went from being very diverse and abundant to being extinct. An extremely abundant set of planktonic marine animals called foraminifera largely disappeared, although they rebounded later. Among plants, the K-T boundary saw a sharp but brief rise in the abundance of primitive vascular plants such as ferns, club mosses, horsetails, and conifers and other gymnosperms. The number of flowering plants (angiosperms) was reduced at this time, but they then began to increase dramatically.
【3】What caused these changes? For many years scientists assumed that a cooling of the climate was responsible, with dinosaurs being particularly vulnerable because, like modern reptiles, they were ectothermic (dependent on environmental heat, or cold-blooded). It is now widely believed that at least some species of dinosaurs had a metabolic rate high enough for them to be endotherms (animals that maintain a relatively consistent body temperature by generating heat internally). Nevertheless, climatic explanations for the K-T extinction are not really challenged by the ideas that dinosaurs may have been endothermic, because even endotherms can be affected by a significant change in the climate.
【4】Explanations for the K-T extinction were revolutionized in 1980 when a group of physical scientists led by Luis Alvarez proposed that 65 million years ago Earth was stuck by a 10-kilometer-wide meteorite traveling at 90,000 kilometers per hour. They believed that this impact generated a thick cloud of dust that enveloped Earth, shutting out much of the incoming solar radiation and reducing plant photosynthesis to very low levels. Short-term effects might have included huge tidal waves and extensive fires. In other words, a series of events arising from a single cataclysmic event caused the massive extinctions. Initially, the meteorite theory was based on a single line of evidence. At locations around the globe, geologists had found an unusually high concentration of iridium in the layer of sedimentary rocks that was formed about 65 million years ago. Iridium is an element that is usually uncommon near Earth’s surface, but it is abundant in some meteorites. Therefore, Alvarez and his colleagues concludedthat it was likely that the iridium in sedimentary rocks deposited at the K-T boundary had originated in a giant meteorite or asteroid. Most scientist came to accept the meteorite theory after evidence came to light that a circular formation, 180 kilometers in diameter in diameter and centered on the north coast of the Yucatan Peninsula, was created by a meteorite impact about 65 million years ago.
托福阅读TPO33阅读试题
1.The word "proliferation" in the passage (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to
A.decline.
B.extinction.
C.increase.
D.migration.
2.Paragraph 1 supports which of the following statements about life on Earth before the Cambrian period?
A.Biodiversity levels were steady, as indicated by the fossil record.
B.Levels of biodiversity could not be tracked.
C.The most dramatic extinction episode occurred.
D.Few microscopic species existed.
3.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A.The dominance of dinosaurs came to an end 65 million years ago, at which time mammals began to flourish and diversify.
B.Because no group of species can remain dominant forever, mammals became the dominant group when dinosaurs became extinct.
C.After being the dominant group for more than 200 million years, the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end 65 million years ago.
D.The diverse group of mammals that we know today, including bats and whales, evolved from small terrestrial forms that had been dominated by dinosaurs.
4.According to paragraph 2, why are dinosaurs popularly said to have "ruled Earth" during the Cretaceous period?
A.Dinosaurs were the only species of reptile that existed during the whole of the Cretaceous period.
B.Dinosaurs won the battle for food resources over mammals during the Cretaceous period.
C.Dinosaurs survived extinction during the Cretaceous period, whereas many other animal species did not.
D.Dinosaurs were the physically and ecologically dominant animals during the Cretaceous period.
5.According to paragraph 2, which of the following species initially increased in number at the K-T boundary?
A.Dinosaurs.
B.Foraminifera.
C.Ferns.
D.Ammonoid mollusks.
6.Why does the author note that "even endotherms can be affected by a significant change in the climate"(paragraph 3)?
A.To argue that there was a significant climate at the time that endothermic dinosaurs became extinct.
B.To argue that climate change caused some dinosaurs to evolve as endotherms.
C.To support the view that at least some of the dinosaurs that became extinct were endotherms.
D.To defend climate change as possible explanation for the extinction of dinosaurs.
7.The word "generated"(paragraph 4) in the passage is closest in meaning to
A.collected.
B.produced.
C.spread.
D.added.
8.The word "extensive"(paragraph 4) in the passage is closest in meaning to
A.widespread.
B.sudden.
C.numerous.
D.subsequent.
9.According to paragraph 4, all of the following contributed to the massive extinctions of the K-T period EXCEPT:
A.tidal waves.
B.fires.
C.insufficient solar radiation.
D.iridium.
10.According to paragraph 4, which of the following statements explains the importance of the discovery of high levels of iridium rocks?
A.It provided evidence that overexposure to solar radiation led to the K-T extinction.
B.It showed that more than one cataclysmic event was responsible for the K-T extinction.
C.It suggested that the cause of the K-T extinction may have been a meteorite striking Earth.
D.It provided evidence that the K-T extinction occurred 65 million years ago.
11.According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true about the Yucatan Peninsula?
A.The circular formation there was caused by a meteorite impact 65 million years ago.
B.Sedimentary rocks from that area have the lowest iridium concentration of any rocks on Earth.
C.There is evidence that a huge tidal wave occurred there 65 million years ago.
D.Evidence found there challenged the meteorite impact theory.
12.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 4 about the meteorite theory?
A.The data originally presented as evidence for the theory were eventually rejected.
B.Many scientists did not accept it when it was first proposed.
C.It has not been widely accepted as an explanation for the K-T extinction.
D.Alvarez subsequently revised it after a circular formation was found in the Yucatan Peninsula.
13. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? This focused on the chemical composition of ancient rocks.
Explanations for the K-T extinction were revolutionized in 1980 when a group of physical scientists led by Luis Alvarez proposed that 65 million years ago Earth was stuck by a 10-kilometer-wide meteorite traveling at 90,000 kilometers per hour. They believed that this impact generated a thick cloud of dust that enveloped Earth, shutting out much of the incoming solar radiation and reducing plant photosynthesis to very low levels. Short-term effects might have included huge tidal waves and extensive fires. In other words, a series of events arising from a single cataclysmic event caused the massive extinctions. ■【A】Initially, the meteorite theory was based on a single line of evidence. ■【B】At locations around the globe, geologists had found an unusually high concentration of iridium in the layer of sedimentary rocks that was formed about 65 million years ago. ■【C】Iridium is an element that is usually uncommon near Earth’s surface, but it is abundant in some meteorites. ■【D】Therefore, Alvarez and his colleagues concluded that it was likely that the iridium in sedimentary rocks deposited at the K-T boundary had originated in a giant meteorite or asteroid. Most scientist came to accept the meteorite theory after evidence came to light that a circular formation, 180 kilometers in diameter in diameter and centered on the north coast of the Yucatan Peninsula, was created by a meteorite impact about 65 million years ago.
14. Prose Summary
The K-T extinction 65 million years ago is the best known of the five major extinction episodes since the Cambrian period.
A.Collectively, the five major extinction episodes resulted in the elimination of a larger number of species than did all the minor extinction events.
B.The K-T extinction eliminated the dinosaurs and ammonoid mollusks but was followed by the diversification of mammals and gymnospermous plants.
C.An extreme cooling of the climate could not have caused the K-T extinction of dinosaurs, because, while most dinosaurs depended on environmental heat, some did not.
D.The K-T extinction of the dinosaurs is the only mass extinction that has been explained by the impact of a meteorite.
E.In 1980 Luis Alvarez proposed that the K-T extinction was caused by ecological disasters brought about by the impact of a meteorite striking Earth.
F.A high concentration of iridium in sedimentary rocks at the K-T boundary and a large impact crater in the Yucatan Peninsula from 65 million years ago strongly support Alvarez’ hypothesis.
托福阅读TPO33 阅读答案
1.proliferation，繁殖，激增，对应C。
2.推断题：定位句It was not until the Cambrian period, beginning about 600 million years ago, that a great proliferation of macroscopic species occurred on Earth and produced a fossil record that allows us to track the rise and fall of biodiversity.主要意思是直到寒武纪才能够监测生物多样性。言外之意就是在寒武纪之前就不能监测生物多样性，对应B选项。
3.解析 句子 简化题：该长句其实是2个长句的并列;主要分成2个意思：第一是没有任何一种生物能永远地统治，第二是恐龙灭亡之后，哺乳动物开始发展统治，且两层意思之间可以构成因果关系。所以只有B选项满足所有条件。
4.解析细节题：定位句Starting about 280 million years ago, reptiles were the dominant large animals in terrestrial environments. In popular language this was the era "when dinosaurs ruled Earth," when a wide variety of reptile species occupying many ecological niches.对应D选项。
5.解析细节题：定位句Paleontologists label this point in Earth’s history as the end of the Cretaceous period and the beginning of the Tertiary period，often abbreviated as the K-T boundary. This time was also marked by changes in many other types of organisms. Overall, about 38 percent of the families of marine animals were lost, with percentages much higher in some groups
Ammonoid mollusks went from being very diverse and abundant to being extinct.题干中的范围限定initially，因此只可能是Ammonoid mollusk.选D。
6.解析修辞目的题：题干中的even甚至，表示程度的递进。定位句Nevertheless, climatic explanations for the L-T extinction are not really challenged by the ideas that dinosaurs may have been endothermic。即后半句的原因解释了气候理论为什么不被反驳。
7.generate，产生，选B。
8.extensive，广泛的，选A。
9.解析否定细节题：定位句 Short-term effects might have included huge tidal waves and extensive fires. In other words, a series of events arising from a single cataclysmic event caused the massive extinctions.对应A选项，B选项。定位句 They believed that its impact generated a thick cloud of dust that enveloped Earth, shutting out much of the incoming solar radiation and reducing plant photosynthesis to very low levels.意思是这种冲击产生了大量的厚尘云，遮蔽了天空和阳光。对应C选项。而D选项，iridium是有关灭绝的证据，但并非构成灭绝的原因。
10.解析细节题：定位句Initially, the meteorite theory was based on a single line of evidence. At locations around the globe, geologists have found an unusually high concentration of iridium in the layer of sedimentary rocks that was formed about 65 million years ago.意思是说小行星撞击理论一开始主要的证据就 是在地球的岩石中发现了大量的iridium (铱)。因此其重要性就是说明该撞击理论是物种大灭绝的原因。
11.解析细节题：定位句Most scientists came to accept the meteorite theory after evidence came to light that a circular formation, 180 kilometers in diameter and centered on the north coast of the Yucatan Peninsula, was created by a meteorite impact about 65 million years ago.意思是说在Yucatan Peninsula背岸的大坑是陨石撞击的结果。对应A选项。
12.解析推断题：定位句 Initially, the meteorite theory was based on a single line of evidence. 一开始仅依赖于单一证据的理论，暗示了证据还不够充分。定位句 Most scientists came to accept the meteorite theory after evidence came to light that a circular formation，180 kilometers in diameter and centered on the north coast of the Yucatan Peninsula, was created by a meteorite impact about 65 million years ago.在环形坑证据出现之后大多数的科学家才开始接受小 行星撞击理论，就是说一开始大多数科学家对该理论是持有怀疑态度的。即答案就是B。
13.解析句子插入题：给出的句子中出现了this的指代提示，表示前面的内容可能 与石头的化学组成无关，而该句的下一句应该与化学组成有关。因此只有 第二个方框满足条件。在第二个方框之后才出现了对于iridium的讨论。
14.The K-T extinction eliminated the dinosaurs and ammonoid mollusks but was followed by the diversification of mammals and gymnospermous plants.正确。对应第二段段落大意，没有永生的统治者，恐龙之后现在是哺乳动物和植物的天下。
In 1980 Luis Alvarez proposed that the K-T extinction was caused by ecological disasters brought about by the impact of a meteorite striking Earth.正确。对应第四段主旨：小行星撞击地球假说。
A high concentration of iridium in sedimentary rocks at the K-T boundary and a large impact crater in the Yucatan Peninsula from 65 million years ago strongly support Alvarez, hypothesis.正确。对应第四段解释小行星撞击地球假说的重要证据。一个证据是Iridium在 地球岩石中的大量出现，另一个证据是巨大环形坑的发现。
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