本文目录
- 托福阅读TPO7(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:TheGeologicHistoryoftheMediterranean
- 求新托福考试专项进阶—听力模拟试题(上)音频材料
- DELTA《新托福考试备考策略与模拟试题》
- 考果网有托福模拟试题吗
- 托福阅读TPO13(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:TypesofSocialGroups
托福阅读TPO7(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:TheGeologicHistoryoftheMediterranean
TPO是我们常用的托福模考工具，对我们的备考很有价值，下面我给大家带来托福阅读TPO7(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:The Geologic History of the Mediterranean。
托福阅读原文
In 1970 geologists Kenneth J.Hsu and William B.F. Ryan were collecting research data while aboard the oceanographicresearch vessel Glomar Challenger.Anobjective of this particular cruise wasto investigate the floor of theMediterranean and to resolve questions aboutits geologic history. One questionwas related to evidence that theinvertebrate fauna (animals without spines) ofthe Mediterranean had changedabruptly about 6 million years ago. Most of theolder organisms were nearlywiped out, although a few hardy species survived. Afew managed to migrate into the Atlantic.Somewhat later, the migrants returned,bringing new species with them. Why didthe near extinction and migrationsoccur?
Another task for the GlomarChallenger’sscientists was to try to determine the origin of the domelikemasses buried deepbeneath the Mediterranean seafloor. These structures had beendetected yearsearlier by echo-sounding instruments, but they had never beenpenetrated in thecourse of drilling. Were they salt domes such as are commonalong the UnitedStates Gulf Coast, and if so, why should there have been somuch solidcrystalline salt beneath the floor of the Mediterranean?
With question such as these clearly beforethem, thescientists aboard the Glomar Challenger processed to the Mediterraneantosearch for the answers. On August 23, 1970, they recovered a sample. Thesampleconsisted of pebbles of hardened sediment that had once been soft,deep-seamud, as well as granules of gypsum and fragments of volcanic rock. Nota singlepebble was found that might have indicated that the pebbles came fromthenearby continent. In the days following, samples of solid gypsumwererepeatedly brought on deck as drilling operations penetrated theseafloor.Furthermore, the gypsum was found to possess peculiarities ofcomposition andstructure that suggested it had formed on desert flats. Sedimentabove andbelow the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils, indicatingopen-oceanconditions. As they drilled into the central and deepest part oftheMediterranean basin, the scientists took solid, shiny, crystalline saltfromthe core barrel. Interbedded with the salt were thin layers of whatappeared tobe windblown silt.
The time had come to formulate ahypothesis. The investigators theorized that about 20 million years ago, theMediterranean wasa broad seaway linked to the Atlantic by two narrow straits.Crustal movements closedthe straits, and the landlocked Mediterranean began toevaporate. Increasingsalinity caused by the evaporation resulted in theextermination of scores ofinvertebrate species. Only a few organisms especiallytolerant of very saltyconditions remained. As evaporation continued, the remainingbrine (salt water)became so dense that the calcium sulfate of the hard layerwas precipitated. Inthe central deeper part of the basin, the last of the brineevaporated toprecipitate more soluble sodium chloride (salt). Later, under theweight ofoverlying sediments, this salt flowed plastically upward to form saltdomes.Before this happened, however, the Mediterranean was a vast desert 3,000metersdeep. Then, about 5.5 million years ago came the deluge. As a result ofcrustaladjustments and faulting, the Strait of Gibraltar, where theMediterranean nowconnects to the Atlantic, opened, and water cascadedspectacularly back intothe Mediterranean.Turbulent waters tore into thehardened salt flats, brokethem up, and ground them into the pebbles observed inthe first sample taken bythe Challenger. As the basin was refilled, normalmarine organisms returned.Soon layer of oceanic ooze began to accumulate abovethe old hard layer.
Thesalt and gypsum, the faunal changes, and the unusualgravel provided abundantevidence that the Mediterranean was once a desert.
托福阅读试题
1.The word “objective”in the passage(paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to
A.achievement
B.requirement
C.purpose
D.feature
2.Which of the following is NOT mentionedin paragraph 1 as a change thatoccurred in the fauna of the Mediterranean?
A.Most invertebrate species disappearedduring a wave of extinctions.
B.A few hardy species wiped out many of theMediterranean’s invertebrates.
C.Some invertebrates migrated to AtlanticOcean.
D.New species of fauna populated theMediterranean when the old migrants returned.
3.1.Whatdoes the author imply by saying“Not a single pebble was found that might have indicated that the
pebbles came from the nearby continent”?(paragraph 3)
A.The most obvious explanation for theorigin of the pebbles was not supported by the evidence.
B.The geologists did not find as manypebbles as they expected.
C.The geologists were looking for aparticular kind of pebble.
D.The different pebbles could not have comefrom only one source.
4.Which of the following can be inferredfrom paragraph 3 about the solidgypsum layer?
A.It did not contain any marine fossil.
B.It had formed in open-ocean conditions.
C.It had once been soft, deep-sea mud.
D.It contained sediment from nearbydeserts.
5.Select the TWO answer choice from paragraph3 that identify materialsdiscovered in the deepest part of the Mediterraneanbasin. To receive credityou must select TWO answers.
A.Volcanic rock fragments
B.Thin silt layers
C.Soft, deep-sea mud
D.Crystalline salt
6.What is the main purpose of paragraph 3?
A.To describe the physical evidencecollected by Hsu and Ryan
B.To explain why some of the questionsposed earlier in the passage could not be answered by the findings of theGlomar Challenger
C.To evaluate techniques used by Hsu andRyan to explore the sea floor
D.To describe the most difficult problemsfaced by the Glomar Challenger expedition
7.According to paragraph 4, which of thefollowing was responsible for theevaporation of the Mediterranean’s waters?
A.The movements of Earth’s crust
B.The accumulation of sediment layers
C.Changes in the water level of theAtlantic Ocean
D.Changes in Earth’s temperature
8.The word “scores”in the passage(paragraph 4) is closest in meaning to
A.members
B.large numbers
C.populations
D.different types
9.According to paragraph 4, what causedmost invertebrate species in theMediterranean to become extinct?
A.The evaporation of chemicals necessaryfor their survival
B.Crustal movements that connected theMediterranean to the saltier Atlantic
C.The migration of new species through thenarrow straits
D.Their inability to tolerate theincreasing salt content of the Mediterranean
10.Which of the sentences below bestexpresses the essential information inthe highlighted sentence in the passage(paragraph 4) ? Incorrect choices change the meaning inimportant ways or leaveout essential information.
A.The strait of Gibraltar reopened when theMediterranean and the Atlantic became connected and the cascades of water fromone sea to the other caused crustal adjustments and faulting.
B.The Mediterranean was dramaticallyrefilled by water from the Atlantic when crustal adjustments and faultingopened the Strait of Gibraltar, the place where the two seas are joined.
C.The cascades of water from the Atlanticto the Mediterranean were not as spectacular as the crustal adjustments andfaulting that occurred when the Strait of Gibraltar was connected to thoseseas.
D.As a result of crustal adjustments andfaulting and the creation of the Strait of Gibraltar, the Atlantic andMediterranean were connected and became a single sea with spectacular cascadesof water between them.
11.The word “Turbulent”in the passage(paragraph 4) is closest in meaning to
A.Fresh
B.Deep
C.Violent
D.Temperate
12. Look at the four squares thatindicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Thus,scientists had information about the shape of the domes but not about theirchemical composition and origin.
■【A】Another task for theGlomar Challenger’s scientists was totry to determine the origin of thedomelike masses buried deep beneath theMediterranean seafloor. ■【B】These structures had been detected years earlierby echo-soundinginstruments, but they had never been penetrated in the courseof drilling. ■【C】Were theysalt domes such as are common alongthe United States Gulf Coast, and if so, whyshould there have been so muchsolid crystalline salt beneath the floor of theMediterranean? ■[D】
Where would the sentence best fit?
13. Direction: An introductory sentence fora brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary byselecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in thepassage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideasthat are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. Thisquestion is worth 2 points.
An expedition to the Mediterranean answeredsome long-standing questionsabout the ocean’s history.
A.The Glomar Challenger expeditioninvestigated changes in invertebrate fauna and some unusual geologic features.
B.Researchers collected fossils todetermine which new species migrated from the Atlantic with older species.
C.Scientists aboard the Glomar Challengerwere the first to discover the existence of domelike masses underneath theseafloor.
D.Samples recovered from the expeditionrevealed important differences in chemical composition and fossil distributionamong the sediment layers.
E.Evidence collected by the GlomarChallenger supports geologists’ beliefs that the Mediterranean had evaporatedand become a desert, before it refilled with water.
F.Mediterraneansalt domes formed after crustal movements opened the straits between theMediterranean and the Atlantic, and the Mediterranean refilled with water.
托福 阅读答案
1.C
2.文第四句话说到“Most of theolder organisms were nearly wiped out(大部分更加古老的生物都几乎灭绝了)”对应选项A;第五句说到“A few managed to migrate into the Atlantic(一些物种成功地迁移到了大西洋)”，对应选项C;第六句说到“the migrants returned, bringing new species with them(这些物种又回到了地中海，并带回新的物种)”，对应选项D。第一段中没有提到B 选项，故答案是B选项。
3.推理题考察的是文中没有明确说到的内容，需要经过推理。选项B、C、D在文中均没有任何线索体现。对于选项A，如果我们在阅读 文章 时，能够比较好的关注上下文，我们会发现：在原文之中第二段，文中提及“它们是像美国海湾海岸一带的含盐圆顶状巨块" ---美国海湾的东西怎么会突然出现在了地中海区域?于是对于这些地中海的大巨块，最简单的解释是他们来自美洲湾。既然第二段提出了问题，第三段做出相应的回答，因此第三段的内容应该与第二段的问题是有联系的，支持或者反对。而现在的这句话(“在被发现的样品中，没有一个表明这些细砾来自于邻近的大陆”)，当然打破了这个最为明显的可能解释---关于巨大的块儿起源的解释。
4.A
5.BD
6.A
7.A
8.原文该单词所在 句子 为:"Increasingsalinity caused by the evaporation resulted in the extermination of scores ofinvertebrate species." 可以理解为: "由蒸发引起的越来越高的盐度造成无脊椎动物种类的灭绝。"
Score是得分的意思，在球类比赛中经常可以听到，可以根据the extermination of scores of invertebrate species这个结构判断出scores表示数量的意思，对应选项B(这个还是记住吧)
9.D
10.B
11.C
12.C
13.选项A是正确的，是第一二段的内容
选项B是错误的，是文章未提及的内容
选项C是错位的，与第二段第二句内容相反
选项D是正确的，是第四段的内容
选项E是正确的，是文章最后一段的内容
选项F是错误的，与第四段内容不符，是地壳运动和断层作用打开了地中海和大西洋之间的海峡，并非盐穹(应该说domes在此之前就形成了)
托福阅读原文
【1】1970年，地理学家Kenneth J. Hsu 和 William B.F. Ryan在海洋调查船Glomar Challenger号上收集调研资料。这次特别巡航的一个目的是调查地中海的地层以及解决关于其地质历史的问题。其中一个问题是有关地中海地区无脊椎动物(没有脊椎的动物)于600万年前发生剧变的证据。大部分更加古老的生物都几乎灭绝了，尽管一些顽强的种类得以生存。很少的一些动物成功地迁移到了大西洋。不久后，这些动物又回来了，并带回来新的物种。为什么这次较近的动物灭绝和迁移会发生呢?
【2】Glomar Challenger号上科学家们的另一个任务是尝试去确定深埋在地中海海底穹顶状巨块的起源。这些结构在早些年被回声探测器探测过，但是它们从未被钻探过。它们是像美国墨西哥海湾海岸一带的含盐穹顶状巨块吗?如果是的话，为什么在地中海海底之下会有这么多固体的结晶盐呢?
【3】带着这些清楚摆在他们面前的问题，科学家们登上Glomar Challenger号前往地中海寻找答案。1970年8月23日，他们找到了一个样本。这个样本由石膏块和火山岩碎块组成。周围没有发现一块能说明这些小石头来自附近的大陆。接下来的日子里，随着海底岩层钻探实验的进行，固体石膏样本被不断地放在甲板上。而且，这些膏状物的组成和结构特性表明它们形成于沙漠。在石膏层上下的沉积物中包含了微小的海洋生物化石，说明了这是开放性的海洋环境。当钻到地中海盆地中心的最深处时，科学家们从钻管中获得了坚实的、光亮的结晶盐。跟结晶盐嵌在一起的薄层像是被风吹起的泥沙层。
【4】时间阐明了一个假设。调查者们构思了这样的理论：大约2 000万年前，地中海是一条宽阔的航道，它通过两条狭窄的海峡与大西洋连接。地壳运动封闭了海峡，被陆地包围的地中海也开始蒸发。由蒸发引起的越来越高的盐度造成无脊椎动物种类的灭绝。只有一些能抵抗高盐度条件的物种保留下来。随着蒸发的继续进行，盐水浓度太高以致硬地层的硫酸钙发生沉淀。在盆地的中间深处，剩余盐水的持续蒸发形成更多的可溶的氯化钠(盐)。后来，在上层沉淀物的重压下，盐向上形成了含盐的圆顶。然而在这之前，地中海是一个3 000米深的大沙漠。然后，550万年前发生了洪水。作为地壳调整和断层作用的结果，现在连接地中海和大西洋的直布罗陀海峡打开了，水流像瀑布一样壮观地涌回地中海。湍急的水流冲击并摧毁了坚硬的含盐层，把它们磨成了Challenger号获得的第一份样本中人们所观察到的鹅卵石。随着盆地的填充，普通的海洋生物又回来了。不久后海洋软泥层开始在原先的硬地层上堆积。
【5】盐、石膏、动物区系的变更，还有不寻常的沙砾层都为地中海曾经是片沙漠的理论提供了充分的证据。
求新托福考试专项进阶—听力模拟试题(上)音频材料
新托福考试专项进阶中级听力单词重点词汇举例：hold your horses 放慢，等一等high and dry 让某人陷入困境hit the hay 去睡觉be hot and bothered 焦虑，不安have one’s hands full 很忙have cold feet 紧张hit the roof 很生气His name rings a bell 名字听起来很熟have a hear of gold 心好，好人in the wink of an eye 一眨眼功夫，很快新托福考试专项进阶中级听力下载：http://toefl.xiaoma.com/tuofutingli/20150321/seo=a83.html?seo=d4
DELTA《新托福考试备考策略与模拟试题》
楼主说的这些书我都做过，这些都是新东方引进版，所以只有一个版本，不存在差异，（原版蓝DELTA800多元呢，感谢新东方吧），这么说吧，LONGMAN和托福不是一个级别，做了就是用于产生幻觉的，蓝DELTA稍好一点，阅读太简单，听力材料马马虎虎但是题目太简单，BARRON是盛传的很难的书，但是托福越来越难了，我考的是09年11月22号的，我想说的是，BARRON阅读完全算不上难度，不能作参考，只能做练习，听力材料只是长，速度和真题差不多，而且巴郎关于英国口音部分可以完全PASS，红DELTA，难度太低，就比蓝DELTA稍难，用来练习整套题的时间感觉是可以的。建议楼主升级你的被考材料：1，阅读：高分120阅读，文勇38篇 2，听力：高分120阅读（超像啊，从题型到难度），TPO听力。 3，写作：高分120（综合写作部分唯一的黄金练习素材）这些材料最重要的特点就是全部从网上下，不用花钱，哈哈，感谢前人吧。对楼主的建议：1，口语很关键，练习要加紧。 2，托福IBT，听力是主角，美剧多多看，新闻认真听，听抄是个宝，坚持会胜利，问题还会有，太傻论坛答案找。 3，高一？你是准备到美国读本科吗？别忘了SAT哦，单词是你的大弱项，楼主不妨先试试四级题，觉得单词差不多就可以背托福单词了。我个人经历，高中单词？呵呵，那是骗自己玩的。写在最后，有问题也可以问我，经过二个多月准备后，我的托福勉强过关（26+29+22+24=101），你也可以看见我悲剧的口语+写作，托福前半年六级我裸考551，楼主还是先向下自己的目的在哪在决定到底考不考托，这条路不平坦，而且托福两年后过期，算好你的考试时间。如果你是同路人，加油吧。
考果网有托福模拟试题吗
有，我也是打算考托福的，考果网涵盖最新的托福官方练习TPO48套，最新的几套TPO都有
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托福阅读TPO13(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:TypesofSocialGroups
为了帮助大家备考托福阅读，提高成绩，下面我给大家带来托福阅读TPO13(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Types of Social Groups，希望大家喜欢!
托福阅读原文
Life places us in a complex web of relationships with other people. Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of social interaction. Moreover, our humanness must be sustained through social interaction—and fairly constantly so. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship.
People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance.
Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Expressive ties predominate in primary groups; we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups; we perceive people as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships. This happens in many work settings. People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions.
A number of conditions enhance the likelihood that primary groups will arise. First, group size is important. We find it difficult to get to know people personally when they are milling about and dispersed in large groups. In small groups we have a better chance to initiate contact and establish rapport with them. Second, face-to-face contact allows us to size up others. Seeing and talking with one another in close physical proximity makes possible a subtle exchange of ideas and feelings. And third, the probability that we will develop primary group bonds increases as we have frequent and continuous contact. Our ties with people often deepen as we interact with them across time and gradually evolve interlocking habits and interests.
Primary groups are fundamental to us and to society. First, primary groups are critical to the socialization process. Within them, infants and children are introduced to the ways of their society. Such groups are the breeding grounds in which we acquire the norms and values that equip us for social life. Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society’s cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity.
Second, primary groups are fundamental because they provide the settings in which we meet most of our personal needs. Within them, we experience companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being. Not surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of a group’s primary ties has implications for the group’s functioning. For example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing together, the better their record is.
Third, primary groups are fundamental because they serve as powerful instruments for social control. Their members command and dispense many of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile. Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group’s norms. For instance, some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group. Even more important, primary groups define social reality for us by structuring our experiences. By providing us with definitions of situations, they elicit from our behavior that conforms to group-devised meanings. Primary groups, then, serve both as carriers of social norms and as enforcers of them.
托福阅读试题
1.The word “complex”(Paragraph 1)in the passage is closest in meaning to
A.delicate
B.elaborate
C.private
D.common
2.According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of a relationship?
A. It is a structure of associations with many people.
B. It should be studied in the course of a social interaction.
C. It places great demands on people.
D. It develops gradually overtime.
3.The word endowing in the passage(Paragraph 2)is closest in meaning to
A.leaving
B.exposing
C. providing
D. understanding
4.Which of the following can be inferred about instrumental ties from the author’s mention of working with competitors in paragraph 2?
A. Instrumental ties can develop even in situations in which people would normally not cooperate.
B.Instrumental ties require as much emotional investment as expressive ties.
C. Instrumental ties involve security, love, and acceptance.
D.Instrumental ties should be expected to be significant.
5.According to paragraph 3, what do sociologists see as the main difference between primary and secondary groups?
A.Primary groups consist of people working together, while secondary groups exist outside of work settings.
B. In primary groups people are seen as means, while in secondary groups people are seen as ends.
C. Primary groups involve personal relationships, while secondary groups are mainly practical in purpose.
D.Primary groups are generally small, while secondary groups often contain more than two people.
6.Which of the following can be inferred from the author’s claim in paragraph 3 that primary group relationships sometimes evolve out of secondary group relationships?
A.Secondary group relationships begin by being primary group relationships.
B.A secondary group relationship that is highly visible quickly becomes a primary group relationship.
C.Sociologists believe that only primary group relationships are important to society.
D. Even in secondary groups, frequent communication serves to bring people into close relationships.
7.The phrase “size up” in the passage(Paragraph 4)is closest in meaning to
A.enlarge
B.evaluate
C. impress
D. accept
8.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence(Paragraph 5)in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A.Sociologists think that cultural patterns establish connections between the individual and the larger society.
B.Sociologists believe that individuals with a sense of oneness bridge the gap between society and primary groups.
C.Sociologists think primary groups contribute to social solidarity because they help maintain a society’s cultural patterns.
D.Sociologists believe that the cultural patterns that provide social solidarity arise as bridges from primary groups.
9.This passage is developed primarily by
A.drawing comparisons between theory and practice
B.presenting two opposing theories
C.defining important concepts and providing examples of them
D.discussing causes and their effects
10.The word “deviate” in the passage(Paragraph 7)is closest in meaning to
A.detract
B.advance
C.select
D.depart
11.According to paragraph 7, why would a social group use shunning?
A.To enforce practice of the kinds of behavior acceptable to the group
B.To discourage offending individuals from remaining in the group
C.To commend and reward the behavior of the other members of the group
D.To decide which behavioral norms should be passed on to the next generation
12. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. People who do not live alone, for example, tend to make healthier life choices and develop fewer pathologies than people who live by themselves. Where would the sentence best fit?
Second, primary groups are fundamental because they provide the settings in which we meet most of our personal needs. ■【A】Within them, we experience companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being. ■【B】Not surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of a group’s primary ties has implications for the group’s functioning. ■【C】For example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing together, the better their record is. ■【D】
13.Directions: Complete the table below by selecting three answer choices that are characteristics of primary groups and two answer choices that are characteristics of secondary groups. This question is worth 3 points.
A.Developing socially acceptable behavior
B. Working together against competitors
C.Experiencing pressure from outside forces
D.Viewing people as a means to an end
E.Existing for practical purposes
F.Providing meaning for life situations
G.Involving close relationships
1 )
Primary Groups
A B C D E F G
2 )
Secondary Groups
A B C D E F G
托福 阅读答案
1.complex复杂的，所以B的elaborate正确。原句说生活把我们放在什么样的与其他人的关系网中，因为很多人，所以关系网比较复杂正确。A的delicate脆弱的，纤细的，美味的;C的私人和D的普通都不靠谱
2.以relationship做关键词定位至最后一句，注意relationships不能做关键词，因为多次重复出现。原句说当这种association持续的时间足够长以至于两个人之间已经形成了稳定的expectation，就叫relationship，所以D说随时间develop正确。A的many people，B的study，C的demand都没说
3.endow赋予，捐助，所以provide提供，供给正确。原句说有时候我们与其他人合作只是做完某事，却没有任何significance，猜到这个词应该是有的意思，只有provide和leave表示有，但leave是剩下，所以不对。至于B暴露D理解完全不对
4.以competitor做关键词定位至倒数第二句，说偶尔这意味着与竞争对手合作而非竞争，而这个this意味着这句话跟前一句有联系。前一句说instrumental ties是我们在与别人合作达到某种目的的时候形成的，这与A说的通常不合作的人也有形成instrumental完全一样。B没说，C与原文的第三句说反，D与原文最后一句说反
5.分别以primary group和secondary group做关键词定位至第二句和第四句，分别说了两个group，primary的是比较亲密的，secondary是因为事先某种共同的目的才形成的，所以答案是C。A错，不是用work来区分这两个group的;两者同样不是以人数区分的，所以D错;C的end不end是原文在后面才说的，也不能区分这两个group
6.以evolve out of做关键词定位至倒数第三句，但这句话跟问题几乎是完全一样的，所以不是答案。往后看，this标示着上下句之间有联系。下句说这种evolve发生在工作背景下，接着说同事之间可以通过share各种东西变成非常亲密的朋友，也就是secondary变primary 的一个例子，所以正确答案是D。A说反;B和C均没说而且C有违常识
7.size up估量，估计，所以正确答案是B的evaluate。原句说面对面交流使得我们能够怎么样别人，评价别人是正确的。A的扩大别人明显是不对的。原文没说接受别人，也没说给别人留下印象，所以都不对
8.原文的结构是sociologist把primary group看成blabla，因为blabla。只有C表达了原因，A缺了原文的很多信息，错;B和D都缺失了原文很重要的because部分，所以都是错的
9.问本文的组织结构，问全文的题应该多关注各段的开头。原文首先提出了两个关系，然后又说expressive tie和instrumental tie，最后又说了primary group产生的条件。叙述两类关系用的笔墨明显不等，所以不是对比，所以B不对，A的理论和实践原文完全没说，而且也说到了对比，也不对;D的因果是原文完全没说的。作者定义了两个group和两个tie，所以C说定义概念是对的，而且作者在定义概念之后都有解释，所以C正确
10.deviate偏离，出轨，所以正确答案是D的depart偏离。原句说一旦奖励不行，group的成员可以威胁排斥那些怎么样规则的人，肯定是对规则不好的人，所以advance和中性的select不对;detract表示减损或者转移，跟depart所表示的离经叛道是两个意思，所以不对
11.以shunning做关键词定位至第四句，说人们会用shunning吧离经叛道的人弄回来，但没给出原因。这句中的for example说明是上句的例子，前面一句说如果奖励不行，我们就排斥那些不守规矩的人，所以一切都是为了强化规则，答案是A。B说不鼓励冒犯group当中的人，原文没说冒犯人;C的reward和D的next generation都没说
12.两个过渡点，分别是连词for example和名词healthier life choices，根据for example排除C和D，因为原文也有for example，而正常说话的时候两个for example是不连续使用的;而且根据healthier life choices跟原文中sense of well-being的同义替换也可以确定是A或者B，但A点后的them与前文衔接紧密，所以答案是B
13.此题不典型，因为作者用了 文章 的第四到七段较大篇幅讲primary，却只用了第二和第三段的部分讲到secondary，而且本文对于两个group的叙述存在交叉，交叉的部分主要在第二三两段，但这两段的叙述也是先primary后secondary，所以顺序性还是有的。第三段的四五两句分别对应existing和viewing两个答案，所以这两个答案属于secondary;第二段和第三段的第三句对应providing答案，第三段第二句对应involving答案，最后一段的第三句和第四句对应developing选项，结合11题的答案很容易选出这项
托福阅读译文
我们和他人一起生活在一个复杂的关系网中。我们的人性就产生于这种社会性的互动关系中，与此同时，我们的人性也必须通过经常性的社会互动才能得以维持。当两个人在比较稳定的期望值下的交流时间足够长并且形成一种联系时，这种联系就可以称为关系。
人与人之间的关系可以分为两种：情感纽带和工具纽带。情感纽带是当我们做情感投资并致力于他人的一种社会关系。通过和对我们来说十分重要的人交流从而得到安全感、爱情、认同、友谊以及个人价值等一系列情感。工具纽带是我们为达到某种目的而与他人进行合作时产生的社会联系方式。有些时候，这也许意味着变相与竞争者共事。更多的时候我们没有发展出任何更有意义的关系而只是简单的与他人合作达成目的。
社会学家基于情感纽带与工具纽带区别，将社会群体划分成两类：主要群体和次要群体。一个主要群体包含两个以上成员，他们彼此之间的关系是直接的,亲密的,聚合性的。情感纽带在主要社群中起主导作用，我们把人们自身看做目标和人们自己权利的价值。次要群体也是由两个以上成员组成，他们因非个人关系聚到一起都是为了一个特定的,实际的目标而努力。工具纽带在次要群体中起了重要的作用。我们把人自身看做是人目标的途径而不是人们自己权利的目标。有时主要群体的关系也会在次要群体中演化而来。这种现象在工作环境中时有发生。工作伙伴在共事过程中会彼此分享抱怨、玩笑、八卦以及满足感，由此也会发展出亲近的关系。
很多情况也会增加主要群体出现的可能性。首先，群体的规模非常重要。我们很难去了解那些散布在大群体中的某个人。而在小群体中我们有更多机会发起联系并与他人建立关系。第二，面对面的交流能让我们更好地了解彼此。与他人近距离接触和交谈可以更好地交流情感和思想。第三，频繁持续的交流也能增加我们发展主要群体的可能性。我们与他人的联系会随着我们与他人的互动时间而加深，并逐渐演化出连锁的习惯和兴趣。
主要群体是人与人之间乃至整个社会的基础。首先，主要群体在社会化进程中至关重要。在主要群体里，婴儿与孩童可以学习处世方式。这种群体是我们社会生活必备规范和价值的培养地。社会学家将主要群体比作独立个体与整个社会之间的桥梁，因为它能传达,调解并解读一个社会的 文化 模式，提供一种归属感有助于社会团结。
其次，主要群体之所以是基础是因为它能提供满足我们大多数人需求的环境。在主要群体中，我们可以收获友情、爱情、安全感以及所有幸福的情感。社会学家发现一个群体的主要纽带的强弱往往暗示着这个群体的功能，这不足为奇。例如，一个体育团队的主要群体纽带越强，他们就越容易取得好成绩。
第三，主要群体之所以是基础还因为他们充当了强有力的社会调控工具。群体中的成员掌控并分配能够维持我们生存的极其重要的资源。如果奖励方式不当，群体内成员就会通过拒绝或威胁来摒弃那些背离群体规范的人，例如，一些社会群体采取规避 措施 (人可以留在群体中，但禁止其他成员与其交流)，从而将特定群体中逾矩的个体慢慢同化与他人一致。更重要的是，主要群体通过构筑我们的 经验 来定义社会现实。他们根据我们的行为来定义我们的处境，以遵循群体分配的意义。因此，主要群体既是社会规范的载体同时也是社会规范的实施者。
